Quelltext der Seite Hilfe:MESC Klassifikation


Die '''Mathematics Education Subject Classification (MESC)''' ist eine mathematikdidaktische Klassifikationssystematik zur Inhaltserschließung der Literaturdatenbank [[MathEduc]]. Dazu wird jede erfasste Publikation auf [[MathEduc]] mit einer bzw. mehreren MESC-Klassen versehen, wodurch sie ihren entsprechenden mathematikdidaktischen Teilgebieten zugeordnet wird.
Die [https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/matheduc/classification MESC Klassifikation] wurde durch das Lektorat von [[MathEduc]] in Zusammenarbeit mit zahlreichen Fachexperten/innen entwickelt und ermöglicht eine übersichtliche, inhaltsbezogene Suche mathematikdidaktischer Publikationen. Die MESC-Klassifikation ist in der ''Mathematics Subject Classification'' (MSC) unter Ziffer 97 (Pädagogik des Mathematikunterrichts) vertreten.

===Aufbau===
Jede MESC-Klasse wird durch eine dreistellige Ziffernfolge <code>Hauptklasse| Nebenklasse | Unterklasse</code> beschrieben. An erster Position steht ein Großbuchstabe (Hauptklasse). Die Nebenklasse besteht aus einer Zahl (1-9) und die Unterklasse aus 10 weiteren möglichen Zahlen (0-9). Insgesamt umfasst die MESC-Klassifikation 16 Hauptklassen (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, M, N, P, Q, R, U), die wiederum durch die beiden weiteren Ziffern (also die Zahlen 10 bis 99) über 1000 inhaltliche Klassen beschreiben. [[Datei:MESC Classification.pdf|preview]]

===Unterklassen (Letzte Ziffer)===
Aus Gründen der nutzerfreundlichen Lesbarkeit dieser Hilfeseite werden zuerst die Unterklassen (letzte Ziffer) vorgestellt.
Die letzte Ziffer (0-9) bezeichnet die in der Publikation behandelte Schulform: <br/>
'''0:''' General, difficult to classify in the third position <br/>
'''1:''' Kindergarten, Pre-school education <br/>
'''2:''' 1st to 4th year of school, primary education, elementary level <br/>
'''3:''' 5th to 10th year of school, secondary level, lower and middle secondary (all types of school)<br/>
'''4:''' 11th to 13th year of school, upper secondary <br/>
'''5:''' Universities, Colleges, Polytechnics <br/>
'''6:''' Special schools <br/>
'''7:''' Vocational schools <br/>
'''8:''' Extra mural institutes, Colleges of Further Education, Correspondence schools, Popular education etc. <br/>
'''9:''' Teacher training, teacher in-service training <br/>
===Haupt- und Nebenklassen===
Liste aller thematischen MESC-Haupt- und Nebenklassen:

====A: General====
A10  Comprehensive works on mathematics. Reference books, encyclopaedias and dictionaries [textbooks see U20; material for repetition see U90; comprehensive works on special disciplines see each discipline]<br/>
A20  Recreational mathematics [educational games see U60]<br/>
A30	Biographies. History of mathematics and of mathematics teaching [sociological aspects of learning see C60; political education in the mathematics classroom see D30]<br/>
A40	Sociological and political issues. The profession of teaching. Careers in mathematics, labour market [sociological aspects of learning see C60; political education in the mathematics classroom see D30] <br/>
A50	Bibliographies. Information and documentation <br/>
A60	Proceedings. Conference reports. Collections of articles <br/>
A70	Theses and postdoctoral theses <br/>
A80	Popularization <br/>
A90	Picture stories. Cartoons. Fiction. Games [recreational mathematics see A20; educational games see U60] <br/>
 	 
====B:	Bildungspolitik und Bildungssystem==== 
(Educational policy and educational system, also Educational research, educational reforms, pilot projects, official documents, syllabuses)<br/>
B10	Educational research and planning <br/>
B20	General education [syllabuses see B70] <br/>
B30	Vocational education [syllabuses see B70] <br/>
B40	Higher education <br/>
B50	Teacher education (Teacher preservice and inservice education) <br/>
B60	Out-of-school education. Adult and further education (Summer schools, working groups, student competitions. Private study)<br/>
B70	Syllabuses, curriculum guides, official documents [testing of syllabuses in pilot classes see D30] <br/>
 	 
====C:	Psychology, Social Sciences====
(...of mathematics education. Research in mathematics education and social aspects)<br/>
C10	Comprehensive works and surveys <br/>
C20	Affective aspects (Motivation, anxiety, interest, attitudes, feelings. Self concept. Attention. Affective development) <br/>
C30	Cognitive processes. Learning, learning theories (Thought processes, information processing, concept formation, problem solving, understanding. Learning. Memory. Perception. Cognitive development)
[concept teaching see E40; teaching problem solving see D50; social learning see C60; learning with texts see C50; teaching-learning-processes see C70]<br/>
C40	Intelligence and aptitudes. Personality (Talent, intelligence, abilities and skills, creativity. Behaviour. Personality traits, personality development)<br/>
[learning difficulties and student errors see D70; achievement control see D60; special education see C90]<br/>
C50	Language and communication (Teacher/student language styles. Language acquisition. Learning with texts. Language difficulties, multilingualism, teaching and learning mathematics in a second language. Communicative competence) [mathematical language see E40; readability of textbooks see U20]<br/>
C60	Sociological aspects of learning (Group dynamics. Interpersonal interaction. Social learning. Roles. Social, economic and cultural influences) [teaching methods see D40; mathematics and society see A40] <br/>
C70	Teaching-learning-processes. Evaluation of instruction (Relations between teaching-processes --- e.g. teacher attitudes, teaching methods --- and learning processes --- e.g. student attitudes, achievement. Effective teaching) [teacher-student interaction see also C50, C60; learning see C30; teaching methods see D40] <br/>
C80	Other psychological aspects (e.g. test theory, neuropsychology, research methods in psychology) <br/>
C90	Other educational aspects (e.g. special education, vocational education, curriculum theory, andragogy) [mathematics teaching see D; educational media and media research see U10; media education see U] <br/>
 	 
====D:	Education and instruction in mathematics====
D10	Comprehensive works and surveys on mathematics instruction in general and at different school levels and types. Comparative studies on mathematics education in different countries<br/>
D20	Philosophical and theoretical contributions to mathematical didactics. Research methods. Theory of mathematics education
[history see A30; learning theories see C30; teaching-learning research see C70]<br/>
D30	Goals of mathematics teaching. Curriculum development (Mathematical formation. Formation of general abilities by mathematics instruction. Minimal competencies. Objectives and content of mathematics education, also with regard to cultural demands. Impacts of new technologies on mathematics instruction. Innovations and trends. Curriculum research. Curriculum evaluation. Interaction with other subjects)
[syllabuses and curricula see B70; history of mathematics instruction see A30; socialisation in mathematics instruction see C60]<br/>
D40	Teaching methods and classroom techniques. Lesson preparation. Educational principles (e.g. classroom conversation, classroom organization, teaching approach, ability grouping) [programmed instruction see U50; interactions see C50, C60, C70; evaluation of instruction see C70; language in mathematics instruction see C50; preparation for examinations see D60; teacher resources for preparing lessons see U30; interdisciplinary teaching see M10] <br/>
D50	Investigating and problem solving (e.g. teaching problem solving and heuristic strategies, methodology of problem solving, classification of exercises, problem solving in the curriculum)
[psychological aspects of problem solving see C30; see also test theory C80; exercise problems and competition questions see U40]<br/>
D60	Student assessment (Achievement control and rating. Mathematics achievement. Assessing pupils performance. Control and measurement of knowledge, abilities and skills. Examinations, preparation for examinations) [student errors see D70; problem books see U40; abilities as personality traits see C40]<br/>
D70	Diagnosis, analysis and remediation of learning difficulties, misconceptions and student errors
[special education see C90; achievement control and rating see D60]<br/>
D80	Teaching units, draft lessons and master lessons<br/>
 	 
====E:	Foundations of mathematics====
E10	Comprehensive works on the foundations of mathematics and their teaching. Methodology of mathematical research<br/>
E20	Metamathematics. Philosophical and ethical aspects of mathematics. Epistemology
[history of mathematics see A30]<br/>
E30	Logic. Acquisition of logical verbal reasoning abilities in mathematics instruction
[Boolean algebra see H50]<br/>
E40	Language of mathematics. Formalization. Defining. Axiomatics and axiomatic methods. Acquisition of mathematical concepts [psychological aspects of concept formation see C30; verbal communication see C50; number concept see F20; mappings and functions see I20]<br/>
E50	Proof methods. Reasoning and proving in the mathematics classroom <br/>
E60	Sets. Relations. Set theory [mappings and functions see I20] <br/>
E70	Miscellaneous <br/>
 	 
====F:	Arithmetik, Zahlentheorie, Mengenlehre====
F10	Comprehensive works on arithmetic and the teaching of arithmetic <br/>
F20	Prenumerical stage. Number concept, counting <br/>
F30	Natural numbers and operations on natural numbers. Place value. Pencil and paper arithmetic, mental arithmetic
[estimates see N20; representation of numbers (numerical mathematics) see N20]<br/>
F40	Integers. Rational numbers. Arithmetic operations on integers, fractions and decimals. Extensions of number domains<br/>
F50	Real numbers, powers and roots. Arithmetic operations on real numbers, powers and roots. Complex numbers <br/>
F60	Number theory <br/>
F70	Measures and units (Quantity concept, operations with specified measures and units)
[lengths, areas, volumes see G30] <br/>
F80	Ratio and proportion. Rule of three. Percentages and calculation of interest. Mixture problems (e.g. proportional quantities, inversely proportional quantities)
[mathematics in vocational training see M20] <br/>
F90	Practical mathematics, real problem solving (e.g. real life problems)
[mathematical modelling and mathematical applications see M; teaching problem solving see D50; linguistic comprehension of word problems see C50] <br/>
 	 
====G:	Geometrie====
G10	Comprehensive works on geometry and the teaching of geometry <br/>
G20	Informal geometry (Spatial orientation. Basic geometrical shapes)
[prenumerical stage see F20] <br/>
G30	Areas and volumes (Lengths and areas, volumes and surface areas)
[quantities and units see also F70; word problems see F90] <br/>
G40	Plane and solid geometry. Geometry in multidimensional spaces
[geometric transformations see G50] <br/>
G50	Transformation geometry (Isometries, similarity transformations) <br/>
G60	Trigonometry, spherics<br/>
G70	Analytic geometry. Vector algebra<br/>
G80	Descriptive geometry [technical drawing see M20; cartography see M50]<br/>
G90	Miscellaneous (e.g. convex sets, packings, coverings, tessellations, non-euclidean geometries, finite geometries)
[fractals see I90]<br/>
 	 
====H:	Algebra====
[numerical method in algebra see N30]
H10	Comprehensive works on algebra and the teaching of algebra <br/>
H20	Elementary algebra (Variables, manipulation of expressions. Binomial theorem. Polynomials. Finite sums)
[theory of equations see H30] <br/>
H30	Theory of equations and inequalities[variables, terms see H20]<br/>
H40	Operations. Groups, rings, fields [computational rules see H20]<br/>
H50	Ordered algebraic structures. Lattices. Boolean algebra [propositional logic see E30] <br/>
H60	Linear algebra. Multilinear algebra (Vector spaces, linear mappings, matrices, determinants, theory of equations)
[vector algebra see G70] <br/>
H70	Miscellaneous (e.g. algebraic topology, algebraic geometry)<br/>
 	 
====I:	Analysis====
I10	Comprehensive works on calculus and the teaching of calculus [numerical methods in analysis see N40] <br/>
I20	Mappings and functions. Elementary properties of functions. Special functions (Concept of function, representation of functions, graphs of functions. Functions of a real variable. Monotonicity, continuity, limits)
[sequences see I30; polynomials see H20] <br/>
I30	Sequences, series, power series. Convergence, summability (infinite products, integrals)<br/>
I40	Differential calculus (e.g. curve sketching, extremum problems)<br/>
I50	Integral calculus. Measure theory (Integrals of different types; e.g. applications on bodies of revolution)<br/>
I60	Functions of several variables. Differential geometry<br/>
I70	Functional equations (Definition of functions. Differential equations, difference equations, integral equations)<br/>
I80	Functions of a complex variable, conformal mappings
[complex numbers see F50]<br/>
I90	Miscellaneous (e.g. functional analysis, set theoretical topology, catastrophe theory, non-standard analysis, fractals, chaos theory)<br/>
 	 
====K	Kombinatorik, Graphentheorie, Statistik, Wahrscheinlichkeit====
K10	Comprehensive works on stochastics and the teaching of stochastics<br/>
K20	Combinatorics (Classical combinatorial theory, configurations, Latin squares)
[tessellations and packings see G90]<br/>
K30	Graph theory[discrete mathematics see N70; finite geometries see G90] <br/>
K40	Descriptive statistics, statistical data handling, graphical methods of data representation, data analysis <br/>
K50	Probability concept and probability theory<br/>
K60	Probability distributions, stochastic processes, limit theorems<br/>
K70	Statistical inference (Methods, non-parametric methods, robustness, Bayesian approach, methodology and foundations)<br/>
K80	Correlation and regression analysis. Multivariate statistics (Discrimination, cluster analysis, factor analysis)<br/>
K90	Applied statistics (e.g. simulation, decision theory, reliability, quality control)<br/>
 	 
====M:	Modellierung und Anwendungen====
M10	Mathematization, its nature and its use in education. Interdisciplinarity. Comprehensive works on applications of mathematics [probability and statistics see K; numerical methods see N; interactions with other subjects see D30]<br/>
M20	Mathematics in vocational training and career education[see also F80, F90] <br/>
M30	Financial mathematics. Insurance mathematics<br/>
M40	Operations research, economics
[mathematical programming see N60]<br/>
M50	Physics. Astronomy. Technology. Engineering. Computer science. Earth sciences<br/>
M60	Biology. Chemistry. Medicine. Pharmacy<br/>
M70	Behavioural sciences. Social sciences. Education<br/>
M80	Arts. Music. Language. Architecture<br/>
M90	Miscellaneous (e.g. sport)<br/>
 	 
====N:	Numerical mathematics, Discrete mathematics, Mathematical software====
N10	Comprehensive works on numerical mathematics and its instruction<br/>
N20	Representation of numbers, rounding and estimation. Theory of errors and computation with approximate values. Conditioning.<br/>
N30	Numerical algebra (Iteration methods for the solution of nonlinear equations and systems of linear and nonlinear equations, numerical linear algebra)<br/>
N40	Numerical analysis (Numerical solution of differential and integral equations, numerical integration and differentiation) [interpolation and approximation see N50]<br/>
N50	Approximation, Interpolation, extrapolation<br/>
N60	Mathematical programming
[operations research see M40]<br/>
N70	Discrete mathematics (Finite methods in various mathematical fields, especially used as theoretical foundation in other disciplines)
[combinatorics see K20; graph theory see K30; finite geometries see G90; difference equations see I70]<br/>
N80	Mathematical software. Collections of computer programs
[software for special disciplines see each discipline; computer as a teaching medium see U70]<br/>
N90	Miscellaneous (e.g. experimental mathematics)<br/>
 	 
====P:	Computer science====
P10	Comprehensive works on computer science [historical reflections see A30]<br/>
P20	Theory of computer science. Data (Information Theory, coding theory, automata theory, theory of formal languages, theory of algorithms, computational complexity, computability. Data acquisition, input, data structures, storage, coding, encryption) [data protection see P70; databases and information systems see R50]<br/>
P30	System software (Operating systems, tools, utilities
[user programms see R70]<br/>
P40	Programming languages<br/>
P50	Programming techniques. Software engineering (Problem analysis, program design, flowcharting structured programming. Program verification, debugging, run-time estimation [psychology of computer programming see Q20, Q30]<br/>
P60	Hardware (Description of special computers, Computer architectures, network architectures)
[software for networks see P30]<br/>
P70	Computer science and society. Computer Science and philosophy (Data protection. Impacts of computers on science and education) [impacts on mathematics teaching see D30; careers and labour market see A40; computer literacy see Q50] <br/>
P80	Miscellaneous <br/>
 	 
====Q:	Psychology of computer science education, Computer science teaching====
Q10	Comprehensive works [mathematics teaching and learning see C and D] <br/>
Q20	Affective behaviour. Personality (Motivation, attitudes, anxiety, feelings, self concept. Skills and abilities. Creativity. Personality traits)<br/>
Q30	Cognitive processes (Concept formation, thought processes, problem solving. Learning)
[artificial intelligence see R40]<br/>
Q40	Sociological aspects of learning. Communication (Group dynamics. Roles. Social, economic and cultural influences. Social learning.[teaching-learning processes see Q60]<br/>
Q50	Objectives of computer science teaching. Computer literacy (Innovations and trends, curriculum development and research, testing of syllabuses in pilot classes)
[syllabuses and curricula see B70; historical reflections see A30]<br/>
Q60	Lesson planning. Teaching methods and classroom techniques: evaluation of instruction (teaching-learning processes. Teaching principles. Classroom organization) [computer aided instruction (CAI) see U50] <br/>
Q70	Achievement control and rating. Diagnosis, analysis and remediation of learning difficulties and student errors<br/>
Q80	Teaching units, draft lesssons and master lessons<br/>
Q90	Miscellaneous<br/>
 	 
====R:	Applications of computer science and computers====
R10	Comprehensive works, collections of computer programs<br/>
R20	Applications in mathematics and mathematical education (e.g. computer algebra)
[computer aided instruction (CAI) see U50; user programs see R70]<br/>
R30	Applications in natural, behavioral and social sciences, engineering, economics, humanities, earth sciences. Computers in schools and universities [computer aided instruction (CAI) see U50; user programs see R70]<br/>
R40	Artificial intelligence (Image processing. Language processing. Pattern recognition. Automatical theorem proving. Expert systems. Knowledge engineering) [cognitive processes see C30, Q30; intelligent tutor systems see U50]<br/>
R50	Data base information systems. Telecommunication (e.g. Internet)
[data see P20; data base managment systems R70] <br/>
R60	Graphical data processing, computer graphics <br/>
R70	User programs. Administrative uses in the educational system (e.g. word processing, spreadsheets) <br/>
R80	Recreational computing. Computer games <br/>
R90	Miscellaneous<br/>

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